Food security and agriculture value-added: Do they asymmetrically matter for Korean environmental sustainability?

Limited research has previously probed the interplay between Korea’s food security, agricultural sector, and environmental ramifications. This study delves into asymmetric influence of security value-added on carbon dioxide emissions (an sustainability proxy) from 1970 to 2020, incorporating non-renewable energy consumption foreign direct investment. Employing a nonlinear auto-regressive distributed lag methodology, our findings unveil long-term effects emissions. Specifically, rise with positive shocks but decline negative shocks. Moreover, analysis reveals that positively impacts emissions, whereas investment exerts effect. These insights may underpin policy recommendations for Korean government bolster sustainability.